45ers
The 45ers or DPs (from displaced persons) is the general name for those Hungarian emigrants who left the country as a result of the Second World War. According to Gyula...Author: Gazsó Dániel
47ers
The 47ers is the general name for those Hungarian emigrants who left the country before the introduction of state socialism. According to Gyula Borbándi’s detailed definition, most of them: “a)...Author: Gazsó Dániel
56ers
The 56ers is the general name for those Hungarian emigrants who left the country as a result of the 1956 revolution. However, it is important to note that in this...Author: Gazsó Dániel
Act CLXXIX of 2011 on the Rights of Nationalities
One of the most important cornerstone laws of Hungary, which is separately stipulated in the Fundamental Law and adopted with the support of two thirds of the Members of Parliament,...Author: Szalayné Sándor Erzsébet
Ádám and Others v. Romania
Ádám and Others (2020) is the most recent piece of the ECtHR’s jurisprudence related to minority educationwith regard to Hungarians. The case concerns the alleged discrimination in final high school...Author: Nagy Noémi
antecedents to kin-state policy
The term kin-state policy was used in a dual sense from the second half of the nineteenth century. On the one hand it was applied to the political aspirations of...Author: Bárdi Nándor
assimilation
assimilation is a social process whereby a minority group or individual adopts the values and behavioural patterns of the majority group. As a result of this process, the majority group...Author: Bárdi Nándor
Asylum seeker
An asylum seekeris a foreign citizen or stateless person who has applied for international protection, but has not yet received any form of protection status, i.e. with refugee, subsidiary protection...Author: Gazsó Dániel
AUTONOMOUS PROVINCE OF VOJVODINA
The Autonomous Province of Vojvodina (in Serbian, Autonomna Pokrajina Vojvodine) is the northern province of the Republic of Serbia, with its capital in Novi Sad, covering an area of 21,506...Author: Palusek Erik
autonomy
autonomy is a compound word of ancient Greek origin, the first part of which, “auto” (αὐτο) means “own”, “self” or “by oneself”. A subject endowed with such a capacity has...Author: Vizi Balázs
Autonomy of Transcarpathia (Subcarpathia)
At the beginning of the 20th century, the northeastern mountainous region of the Kingdom of Hungary, with its mainly Rusyn, Hungarian, Jewish, Slovak and Romanian population, was one of the...Author: Zahorán Csaba
Ballantyne, Davidson and McIntyre v. Canada
The subject-matter of the Ballantyne case, decided by the →Human Rights Committee in 1993, is Quebec’s language policy. Three English-speaking business-owners complained that in accordance with the Charter on the...Author: Nagy Noémi
basic treaties and bilateral minority treaties
The bilateral treaties – officially known as treaties on good neighbourly relations, friendship and cooperation – established between European states in the second half of the twentieth century, particularly in...Author: Vizi Balázs
Belgian linguistic case
One of the best-known cases from the European Court of Human Rights’ jurisprudence regarding minority language rights is the so-called Belgian linguistic case, which still serves as a reference point...Author: Nagy Noémi
Beneš Decrees and Their Retrospective Application
The Beneš Decrees are a series of regulations adopted by the Czechoslovak government-in-exile and issued by the President of the Republic during the German occupation of Czechoslovakia in the World...Author: Tárnok Balázs
Bethlen Gábor Fund
A separate public fund set up in April 2011 to help achieve the objectives of the Hungarian Government’s kin-state policy strategy. Its funds are managed by Bethlen Gábor Fund Management...Author: Bárdi Nándor, Kántor Zoltán
Birthright programs
The aim of the Birthright programs is to strengthen the homeland orientation and national identity of those living in the diaspora. The Birthright programs are implemented with the support of...Author: Gazsó Dániel
Cantonalisation
The concept of cantons is linked to Switzerland. The cantons were originally independent political-administrative units; they formed alliances with each other as early as the Middle Ages. It was only...Author: Halász Iván
Capacity building diaspora policy
Capacity building diaspora policy is one of the main types of Alan Gamlen’s three-component typology of diaspora engagement policy. The other two types are the policy of extending rights to...Author: Gazsó Dániel
Central European Initiative’s (CEI) minority initiative
The Central European Initiative (CEI) aims to support the European integration efforts of the countries of Central and South-Eastern Europe. Due to its regional character it adopted the Instrument for...Author: Vizi Balázs
Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union
In the early 1990s the protection of Union’s fundamental rights at Community or EU level came to the fore. In addition to the jurisprudence of the European Court of Justice...Author: Szalayné Sándor Erzsébet
collective guilt
collective guilt is the principle formulated after the Second World War that the German people as a whole were responsible for the war and that, consequently, the people as a...Author: Bárdi Nándor
collective rights
Belonging to a nationality/an ethnic group is a fundamental right that applies to individuals and communities alike and must always be interpreted in conjunction with the principle of equal rights...Author: Szalayné Sándor Erzsébet
Committee on National Cohesion
In the Hungarian Parliament issues concerning Hungarians living beyond the border were previously discussed in the Committee on Foreign Affairs (between 2006 and 2010 in the Committee on Foreign Affairs...Author: Kántor Zoltán