Ethnic diversity in the Republic of Moldova
The Republic of Moldova is an Eastern European post-Soviet state. Its territory came under Russian rule in the early 19th century. The Russian government actively engaged in nation-building to distance...Author: Manzinger Krisztián
Ethnic federalism
Modern states are usually divided into unitary and complex states (federations). The first modern federation is usually considered the USA, which was created in 1776 as a union of 13...Author: Halász Iván
ethno-cultural homogenisation
ethno-cultural homogenisation is the aspiration of nation states to create a homogeneous state from an ethno-cultural point of view, based on the culture and language of the national majority by...Author: Kántor Zoltán
ethno-politics in Europe
The ethno-political models that have emerged in multicultural countries can be divided into those that aim to eliminate differences and those that manage differences. The most extreme form of the...Author: Bárdi Nándor
Ethnocracy in Belgium
The formerly unitarian state started to transform into an ethnofederal state in the 1930s, yet it was the constitution of 1993 which eventually conformed this change. Today, Belgium is made...Author: Manzinger Krisztián
Ethnocracy in Bosnia and Herzegovina
According to the Dayton Agreement of 1995, the former Yugoslav state in the Western Balkans is an etnofederation. The country is composed of two federal entities and a self-governing administrative...Author: Manzinger Krisztián
európai ombudsman
Az európai ombudsman intézményét a Maastrichti Szerződés hozta létre 1993. november 1. hatállyal, az uniós polgárság intézményének egyidejű bevezetésével. A független – ötéves mandátummal együtt járó – pozíció betöltésére először...Author: Szalayné Sándor Erzsébet
European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages
In the early 1990s, after the regime change, a number of factors in Europe contributed to the compilation of two international treaties on the protection of minorities within the framework...Author: Szalayné Sándor Erzsébet
European Citizens’ Initiative
The European Citizens’ Initiative is an instrument of participatory democracy in the European Union. One million citizens from a quarter of the Member States, that is from seven member states,...Author: Gyurcsík Iván
European Citizens’ Initiative on National Regions
The European Citizens’ Initiative on National Regions was submitted to the European Commission on 18 June 2013 by the citizens’ committee of the citizens’ initiative established by the Szekler (Székely)...Author: Gyurcsík Iván
European Citizens’ Initiative on National Regions
The European Citizens’ Initiative on National Regions was submitted to the European Commission on 18 June 2013 by the citizens’ committee established by the Szekler (Székely) National Council under the...Author: Tárnok Balázs
European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI)
The European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI) is a monitoring body of the Council of Europe in operation since 1994, which aims to combat racism, racial and ethnic discrimination,...Author: Szalayné Sándor Erzsébet
European Court of Human Rights’ jurisprudence regarding minority language rights
Within the abundant minority-relevant case-law under the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), a relatively small number of cases are related to the use of language. Language use is protected...Author: Nagy Noémi
European Groupings of Territorial Cooperation (EGTC)
Cross-border cooperations were given a new impetus by the European Union’s adoption of Regulation (EC) No 1082/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 July 2006 on...Author: Baller Barbara
European minority protection regime
In international relations theory regime theories refer to the principles, norms, rules and decision-making procedures around which actors’ expectations in a given area are built. In Europe since the 1990s...Author: Vizi Balázs
European Parliament decisions concerning minorities
Although the (co-)legislative role of the European Parliament (EP) has steadily increased, its work is still largely characterised by political resolutions. Before 1989 the European Parliament proposed a comprehensive legal...Author: Vizi Balázs
European Stability Pact (ESP) Pact on Stability in Europe
The European Stability Pact (ESP) Pact on Stability in Europe was signed at the closing conference held on the initiative of the European Union on 20-21 March 1995, attended by...Author: Gyurcsík Iván
European Union – Copenhagen criteria
In 1993 the European Council at its session in Copenhagen formulated for the first time general political criteria for the states wishing to join the European Union. The so-called Copenhagen...Author: Vizi Balázs
European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights
The European Council proposed the establishment of an agency focused on fundamental rights as early as 1999, and finally, in 2003, a decision was made to create the EU Agency...Author: Tárnok Balázs
Extending rights diaspora policy
Extending rights diaspora policy is one of the main types of Alan Gamlen’s three-component typology of diaspora engagement policy. The other two types are the policy of capacity building and...Author: Gazsó Dániel
Extracting obligations diaspora policy
Extracting obligations diaspora policy is one of the main types of Alan Gamlen’s three-component typology of diaspora engagement policy. The other two types are the policy of capacity building and...Author: Gazsó Dániel
Forum of Hungarian Representatives in the Carpathian Basin (Kárpát-medencei Magyar Képviselők Fóruma – KMKF)
First convened in 2004, the aim of the Forum of Hungarian Representatives in the Carpathian Basin (Kárpát-medencei Magyar Képviselők Fóruma – KMKF) is to make cooperation between Hungarian parliamentary parties...Author: Kántor Zoltán
Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities
The Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities adopted by the Council of Europe in 1995 is a multilateral international treaty that specifically addresses the protection of minority rights....Author: Szalayné Sándor Erzsébet
freedom of identity, right to identity
According to the universal concept of law of the modern age the right to freedom of identity is a human right that a natural person has from birth, whether or...Author: Szalayné Sándor Erzsébet