political-legal typology of European minorities
In terms of their legal status there are communities with equal status (state-constituting communities, [e.g. Flemish, Swiss cantons, Hungarians in Slovenia, Swedes in Finland], communities with cultural and/or language group...Author: Bárdi Nándor
Population exchange
Reconciling political and ethnic boundaries has been a major goal of national movements and nation-states since the rise of nationalism. However, these aspirations have long been hampered by multi-ethnic empires...Author: Zahorán Csaba
Preferential Treatment Law (Status Law)
The legislation on Hungarians living in neighbouring countries was adopted in 2001. The primary aim of the Act was to express that all Hungarians living abroad belong to the Hungarian...Author: Kántor Zoltán
prejudice
A hostile or negative attitude towards a group based on stereotypes, i.e. generalisations derived from false or incomplete information. Based on Gordon W. Allport’s model (the Gordon’s Scale) there are...Author: Szalayné Sándor Erzsébet
Pro Minoritate Foundation (A Kisebbségekért – Pro Minoritate Alapítvány)
Pro Minoritate Foundation (A Kisebbségekért – Pro Minoritate Alapítvány) is an independent, non-profit organization with the aim of supporting ethnic and national minorities in Europe, with particular emphasis on supporting...Author: Tárnok Balázs
prohibition of discrimination
Modern constitutions as well as universal and regional international human rights conventions, including European ones, also protect equality of rights, which is typically violated by discrimination on some grounds, by...Author: Szalayné Sándor Erzsébet
Proportionality
A key characteristic of Consociationalism applicable also as a minority protection tool. Proportionality constitutes a deviation from the rules of majoritarian democracy providing an instrument applicable in divided societies. Proportionality...Author: Manzinger Krisztián
Proposal for a Draft Global Convention on the Rights of Minorities
On 6 March 2023, UN Special Rapporteur on Minority Issues Fernand de Varennes published a Proposal for a Draft Global Convention on the Rights of Minorities, attached to his annual...Author: Nagy Noémi
prosperity in one’s native land
The basis of Hungarian kin-state policy – both as a constitutional obligation and in strategic aspirations – is to support prosperity in one’s native land. Its starting point is the...Author: Kántor Zoltán
Protecting power and minorities
In international law, there is a particular sensitivity to the situation where a foreign state sees itself as the defender of minorities of the same ethnicity living on the territory...Author: Halász Iván
protection of Hungarian memorial sites abroad
The monuments and sites are protected under the Rómer Flóris Plan (2015). Within the framework of the Plan the built cultural heritage of Hungarian significance abroad will be explored, studied,...Author: Kántor Zoltán
Quadratic Nexus
Starting from Rogers Brubaker’s triadic nexus, many scholars have argued that this three-element model should be supplemented with a fourth element, namely, the international organizations. On a conceptual level, Brubaker’s...Author: Gazsó Dániel
Rákóczi Association (Rákóczi Szövetség)
The Rákóczi Association (Rákóczi Szövetség), established in 1989, aims to strengthen Hungarian culture and language among Hungarians living in the Carpathian Basin and around the world. Its activities are primarily...Author: Tárnok Balázs
Recognition as a minority
Enlisted in the annex of the 2011 Nationalities Act are those 13 ethnic groups that qualify as nationalities in Hungary (the same ones as under the previous legislation). However, the...Author: Nagy Noémi
Refugee
A refugee is a foreign citizen or stateless person who has received refugee status granted to applicants who—in accordance with the 1951 Geneva Conventions—can substantiate their fear of persecution in...Author: Gazsó Dániel
Regulation of national minority rights in the Czech Republic
The basic legal framework for the issue of national minorities in the Czech Republic is provided by the Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms and the “Law on the Rights...Author: Gyurcsík Iván
Returning migrant
In the case of international migration, a returning migrantis a person who has resided in a foreign country as a short-term or long-term immigrant, and who returns to his or...Author: Gazsó Dániel
right to human dignity
Every human being has an unconditional and equal right to be treated with dignity and respect for his or her human quality and exceptional worth. This special legal status is...Author: Szalayné Sándor Erzsébet
Right to Petition as a tool to promote the interests of persons belonging to national minorities in the European Union
Since the entry into force of the Treaty of Maastricht, every EU citizen and all natural or legal residents of the Member States have had the right to submit a...Author: Tárnok Balázs
right to self-determination and protection of minorities
The self-determination of peoples was first recognised as a fundamental principle of international law in the Charter of the UN in 1945, followed by the International Covenants on Civil and...Author: Gyurcsík Iván
role of churches in preserving national identity
After 1920 the churches had the most comprehensive network of institutions operating in the Hungarian language in the territories annexed from Hungary. To date, this is the independent institutional platform...Author: Bárdi Nándor
Roundtable of Hungarians in Slovakia
The Roundtable of Hungarians in Slovakia is an open, politically independent, voluntary, and informal institution that serves as a coordinating forum for Hungarian organizations in Slovakia. The collaboration operates within...Author: Tárnok Balázs
Sanila-Aikio v. Finland, Käkkäläjärvi et al. v. Finland
In November 2018, the →Human Rights Committee adopted its views in two cases against Finland. At issue was the right of the Sami people to determine the membership of their...Author: Nagy Noémi
School segregation of the Roma before the ECtHR
Segregationcases constitute a separate line of the ECtHR’s jurisprudence in the context of minority education. In these cases, Roma children, due to their alleged insufficient knowledge of the State languageor...Author: Nagy Noémi